Building a Raspberry Pi Cluster
Part III —OpenMPI, Python, and Parallel Jobs
This is Part III in my series on building a small-scale HPC cluster. Be sure to check out Part I and Part II.
In the first two parts, we set up our Pi cluster with the SLURM scheduler and ran some test jobs using R. We also looked at how to schedule many small jobs using SLURM. We also installed software the easy way by running the package manager install command on all of the nodes simultaneously.
In this part, we’re going to set up OpenMPI, install Python the “better” way, and take a look at running some jobs in parallel to make use of the multiple cluster nodes.
Part 1: Installing OpenMPI
OpenMPI is an open-source implementation of the Message Passing Interface concept. An MPI is a software that connects processes running across multiple computers and allows them to communicate as they run. This is what allows a single script to run a job spread across multiple cluster nodes.
We’re going to install OpenMPI the easy way, as we did with R. While it is possible to install it using the “better” way (spoiler alert: compile from source), it’s more difficult to get it to play nicely with SLURM.
We want it to play nicely because SLURM will auto-configure the environment when a job is running so that OpenMPI has access to all the resources SLURM has allocated the job. This saves us a lot of headache and setup for each job.
1.1 — Install OpenMPI
To install OpenMPI, SSH into the head node of the cluster, and use srun to install OpenMPI on each of the nodes:
$ sudo su -
# srun --nodes=3 apt install openmpi-bin openmpi-common libopenmpi3 libopenmpi-dev -y(Obviously, replace --nodes=3 with however many nodes are in your cluster.)
1.2 — Test it out!
Believe it or not, that’s all it took to get OpenMPI up and running on our cluster. Now, we’re going to create a very basic hello-world program to test it out.
1.2.1 — Create a program.
We’re going to create a C program that creates an MPI cluster with the resources SLURM allocates to our job. Then, it’s going to call a simple print command on each process.
Create the file /clusterfs/hello_mpi.c with the following contents:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <mpi.h>int main(int argc, char** argv){
int node;
MPI_Init(&argc, &argv);
MPI_Comm_rank(MPI_COMM_WORLD, &node); printf("Hello World from Node %d!\n", node); MPI_Finalize();
}
Here, we include the mpi.h library provided by OpenMPI. Then, in the main function, we initialize the MPI cluster, get the number of the node that the current process will be running on, print a message, and close the MPI cluster.
1.2.2 — Compile the program.
We need to compile our C program to run it on the cluster. However, unlike with a normal C program, we won’t just use gcc like you might expect. Instead, OpenMPI provides a compiler that will automatically link the MPI libraries.
Because we need to use the compiler provided by OpenMPI, we’re going to grab a shell instance from one of the nodes:
login1$ srun --pty bash
node1$ cd /clusterfs
node1$ mpicc hello_mpi.c
node1$ ls
a.out* hello_mpi.c
node1$ exitThe a.out file is the compiled program that will be run by the cluster.
1.2.3 — Create a submission script.
Now, we will create the submission script that runs our program on the cluster. Create the file /clusterfs/sub_mpi.sh:
#!/bin/bashcd $SLURM_SUBMIT_DIR# Print the node that starts the process
echo "Master node: $(hostname)"# Run our program using OpenMPI.
# OpenMPI will automatically discover resources from SLURM.
mpirun a.out
1.2.4 — Run the job.
Run the job by submitting it to SLURM and requesting a couple of nodes and processes:
$ cd /clusterfs
$ sbatch --nodes=3 --ntasks-per-node=2 sub_mpi.sh
Submitted batch job 1211This tells SLURM to get 3 nodes and 2 cores on each of those nodes. If we have everything working properly, this should create an MPI cluster with 6 nodes. Assuming this works, we should see some output in our slurm-XXX.out file:
Master node: node1
Hello World from Node 0!
Hello World from Node 1!
Hello World from Node 2!
Hello World from Node 3!
Hello World from Node 4!
Hello World from Node 5!Part 2: Installing Python (the “better” way)
Okay, so for a while now, I’ve been alluding to a “better” way to install cluster software. Let’s talk about that. Up until now, when we’ve installed software on the cluster, we’ve essentially did it individually on each node. While this works, it quickly becomes inefficient. Instead of duplicating effort trying to make sure the same software versions and environment is available on every single node, wouldn’t it be great if we could install software centrally for all nodes?
Well, luckily a new feature in the modern Linux operating system allows us to do just that: compile from source! (/s) Rather than install software through the individual package managers of each node, we can compile it from source and configure it to be installed to a directory in the shared storage. Because the architecture of our nodes is identical, they can all run the software from shared storage.
This is useful because it means that we only have to maintain a single installation of a piece of software and its configuration. On the downside, compiling from source is a lot slower than installing pre-built packages. It’s also more difficult to update. Trade-offs.
In this section, we’re going to install Python3 from source and use it across our different nodes.
2.0 — Prerequisites
In order for the Python build to complete successfully, we need to make sure that we have the libraries it requires installed on one of the nodes. We’ll only install these on one node and we’ll make sure to only build Python on that node:
$ srun --nodelist=node1 bash
node1$ sudo apt install -y build-essential python-dev python-setuptools python-pip python-smbus libncursesw5-dev libgdbm-dev libc6-dev zlib1g-dev libsqlite3-dev tk-dev libssl-dev openssl libffi-devHooo boy. That’s a fair number of dependencies. While you can technically build Python itself without running this step, we want to be able to access Pip and a number of other extra tools provided with Python. These tools will only compile if their dependencies are available.
Note that these dependencies don’t need to be present to use our new Python install, just to compile it.
2.1 — Download Python
Let’s grab a copy of the Python source files so we can build them. We’re going to create a build directory in shared storage and extract the files there. You can find links to the latest version of Python here, but I’ll be installing 3.7. Note that we want the “Gzipped source tarball” file:
$ cd /clusterfs && mkdir build && cd build
$ wget https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.7.3/Python-3.7.3.tgz
$ tar xvzf Python-3.7.3.tgz
... tar output ...
$ cd Python-3.7.3At this point, we should have the Python source extracted to the directory /clusterfs/build/Python-3.7.3.
2.2 — Configure Python
For those of you who have installed software from source before, what follows is pretty much a standard configure;make;make install, but we’re going to change the prefix directory.
The first step in building Python is configuring the build to our environment. This is done with the ./configure command. Running this by itself will configure Python to install to the default directory. However, we don’t want this, so we’re going to pass it a custom flag. This will tell Python to install to a folder on the shared storage. Buckle up, because this may take a while:
$ mkdir /clusterfs/usr # directory Python will install to
$ cd /clusterfs/build/Python-3.7.3
$ srun --nodelist=node1 bash # configure will be run on node1
node1$ ./configure \
--enable-optimizations \
--prefix=/clusterfs/usr \
--with-ensurepip=install
...configure output...2.3 — Build Python
Now that we’ve configured Python to our environment, we need to actually compile the binaries and get them ready to run. We will do this with the make command. However, because Python is a fairly large program, and the RPi isn’t exactly the biggest workhorse in the world, it will take a little while to compile.
So, rather than leave a terminal open the whole time Python compiles, we’re going to use our shiny new scheduler! We can submit a job that will compile it and we can just wait for the job to finish. To do this, create a submission script in the Python source folder:
#!/bin/bash
#SBATCH --nodes=1
#SBATCH --ntasks-per-node=4
#SBATCH --nodelist=node1cd $SLURM_SUBMIT_DIRmake -j4
This script will request 4cores on node1 and will run the make command on those cores. Make is the software tool that will compile Python for us. Now, just submit the job from the login node:
$ cd /clusterfs/build/Python-3.7.3
$ sbatch sub_build_python.sh
Submitted batch job 1212Now, we just wait for the job to finish running. It took about an hour for me on an RPi 3B+. You can view its progress using the squeue command, and by looking in the SLURM output file:
$ tail -f slurm-1212.out # replace "1212" with the job ID2.4 — Install Python
Lastly, we will install Python to the /clusterfs/usr directory we created. This will also take a while, though not as long as compiling. We can use the scheduler for this task. Create a submission script in the source directory:
#!/bin/bash
#SBATCH --nodes=1
#SBATCH --ntasks-per-node=1
#SBATCH --nodelist=node1cd $SLURM_SUBMIT_DIRmake install
However, we don’t want just any old program to be able to modify or delete the Python install files. So, just like with any normal program, we’re going to install Python as root so it cannot be modified by normal users. To do this, we’ll submit the install job as a root user:
$ sudo su -
# cd /clusterfs/build/Python-3.7.3
# sbatch sub_install_python.sh
Submitted batch job 1213Again, you can monitor the status of the job. When it completes, we should have a functional Python install!
2.5 — Test it out.
We should now be able to use our Python install from any of the nodes. As a basic first test, we can run a command on all of the nodes:
$ srun --nodes=3 /clusterfs/usr/bin/python3 -c "print('Hello')"
Hello
Hello
HelloWe should also have access to pip:
$ srun --nodes=1 /clusterfs/usr/bin/pip3 --version
pip 19.0.3 from /clusterfs/usr/lib/python3.7/site-packages/pip (python 3.7)The exact same Python installation should now be accessible from all the nodes. This is useful because, if you want to use some library for a job, you can install it once on this install, and all the nodes can make use of it. It’s cleaner to maintain.
Part 3: A Python MPI Hello-World
Finally, to test out our new OpenMPI and Python installations, we’re going to throw together a quick Python job that uses OpenMPI. To interface with OpenMPI in Python, we’re going to be using a fantastic library called mpi4py.
For our demo, we’re going to use one of the demo programs in the mpi4py repo. We’re going to calculate the value of pi (the number) in parallel.
3.0 — Prerequisites
Before we can write our script, we need to install a few libraries. Namely, we will install the mpi4py library, and numpy. NumPy is a package that contains many useful structures and operations used for scientific computing in Python. We can install these libraries through pip, using a batch job. Create the file /clusterfs/calc-pi/sub_install_pip.sh:
#!/bin/bash
#SBATCH --nodes=1
#SBATCH --ntasks-per-node=1/clusterfs/usr/bin/pip3 install numpy mpi4py
Then, submit the job. We have to do this as root because it will be modifying our Python install:
$ cd /clusterfs/calc-pi
$ sudo su
# sbatch sub_install_pip.sh
Submitted batch job 1214Now, we just wait for the job to complete. When it does, we should be able to use the mpi4py and numpy libraries:
$ srun bash
node1$ /clusterfs/usr/bin/python3
Python 3.7.3 (default, Mar 27 2019, 13:41:07)
[GCC 8.3.1 20190223 (Red Hat 8.3.1-2)] on linux
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> import numpy
>>> from mpi4py import MPI3.1 — Create the Python program.
As mentioned above, we’re going to use one of the demo programs provided in the mpi4py repo. However, because we’ll be running it through the scheduler, we need to modify it to not require any user input. Create the file /clusterfs/calc-pi/calculate.py:
This program will split the work of computing our approximation of pi out to however many processes we provide it. Then, it will print the computed value of pi, as well as the error from the stored value of pi.
3.2 — Create and submit the job.
We can run our job using the scheduler. We will request some number of cores from the cluster, and SLURM will pre-configure the MPI environment with those cores. Then, we just run our Python program using OpenMPI. Let’s create the submission file /clusterfs/calc-pi/sub_calc_pi.sh:
#!/bin/bash
#SBATCH --ntasks=6cd $SLURM_SUBMIT_DIRmpiexec -n 6 /clusterfs/usr/bin/python3 calculate.py
Here, we use the --ntasks flag. Where the --ntasks-per-node flag requests some number of cores for each node, the --ntasks flag requests a specific number of cores total. Because we are using MPI, we can have cores across machines. Therefore, we can just request the number of cores that we want. In this case, we ask for 6 cores.
To run the actual program, we use mpiexec and tell it we have 6 cores. We tell OpenMPI to execute our Python program using the version of Python we installed.
Note that you can adjust the number of cores to be higher/lower as you want. Just make sure you change the
mpiexec -n ##flag to match.
Finally, we can run the job:
$ cd /clusterfs/calc-pi
$ sbatch sub_calc_pi.sh
Submitted batch job 12153.3 — Success!
The calculation should only take a couple seconds on the cluster. When the job completes (remember — you can monitor it with squeue), we should see some output in the slurm-####.out file:
$ cd /clusterfs/calc-pi
$ cat slurm-1215.out
pi is approximately 3.1418009868930934, error is 0.0002083333033003You can tweak the program to calculate a more accurate value of pi by increasing the number of intervals on which the calculation is run. Do this by modifying the calculate.py file:
if myrank == 0:
_n = 20 # change this number to control the intervals
n.fill(_n)For example, here’s the calculation run on 500 intervals:
pi is approximately 3.1415929869231265, error is 0.0000003333333334Conclusion
We now have a basically complete cluster. We can run jobs using the SLURM scheduler; we discussed how to install software the lazy way and the better way; we installed OpenMPI; and we ran some example programs that use it.
Hopefully, your cluster is functional enough that you can add software and components to it to suit your projects. In the fourth and final installment of this series, we’ll discuss a few maintenance niceties that are more related to managing installed software and users than the actual functionality of the cluster.
Happy Computing!
